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khodder

Joined: 19 Dec 2005
Posts: 48167
Location: New New York

Posted: Sun Oct 28, 2012 5:43 pm Post subject:

MaclinandMCcoy wrote:

RoxSox2004 wrote:

Econ 1 Question:

How can we reduce traffic congestion with no deadweight loss?

I admit, I'm stumped with this.

Piguvian Tax on gas.

I am a bit rusty, but would that not have potential to cause a fair amount of deadweight loss with the relative inelasticity of gas?

Would it not be easier to put a Pigouvian Tax on Cars/Motor Vehicles, then only those that derive enough benefit from owning or driving a car would buy one, traffic congestion would be minimised.

Again, I am rusty, so anyone else feel free to tell me I am completely wrong here.
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24isthelaw

Joined: 15 Nov 2010
Posts: 5187
Location: Where the Patriots are

Posted: Tue Oct 30, 2012 10:49 pm Post subject:

This may be a bit of a reach...

does anyone here know much about colloidal stability? I have a problem about a mixed 1:1 and 2:1 electrolyte solution and charged surface, and I have to calculate the debye length at which the system aggregates given only the concentration of the 2:1 electrolyte in the bulk of the solution.
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khodder

Joined: 19 Dec 2005
Posts: 48167
Location: New New York

Posted: Tue Oct 30, 2012 10:51 pm Post subject:

24isthelaw wrote:

This question is here

My head is here

Sorry if this got your hopes up.
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24isthelaw

Joined: 15 Nov 2010
Posts: 5187
Location: Where the Patriots are

Posted: Tue Oct 30, 2012 10:53 pm Post subject:

khodder wrote:

24isthelaw wrote:

This question is here

My head is here

Sorry if this got your hopes up.

No problem dude. Just taking a shot in the dark cause I have no idea where to go with this problem and its not really in the textbook...
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Tom Shean

Joined: 10 Oct 2012
Posts: 4626
Location: Tha 703

Posted: Tue Oct 30, 2012 10:54 pm Post subject:

So it says

"Use the Pauli exclusion principle and the aufbau principle to write the electron configuration for Chlorine, Nitrogen, and Calcium"

I have no idea what the Pauli exclusion principle or the aufbau principle are.

Helpz pls.
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khodder

Joined: 19 Dec 2005
Posts: 48167
Location: New New York

Posted: Tue Oct 30, 2012 11:26 pm Post subject:

Tom Shean wrote:

Pauli Exclusion Principle
Aufbau Principle
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Tom Shean

Joined: 10 Oct 2012
Posts: 4626
Location: Tha 703

Posted: Tue Oct 30, 2012 11:35 pm Post subject:

khodder wrote:

Tom Shean wrote:

Pauli Exclusion Principle
Aufbau Principle

Because this thread was the first thing I tried... Rolling Eyes

I was maybe looking if someone could explain the concept simply, and how it relates to electron configuration.
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mse326

Joined: 19 Jan 2008
Posts: 13530
Location: LORK on the sig

Posted: Wed Oct 31, 2012 12:26 am Post subject:

Tom Shean wrote:

khodder wrote:

Tom Shean wrote:

Pauli Exclusion Principle
Aufbau Principle

Because this thread was the first thing I tried... Rolling Eyes

I was maybe looking if someone could explain the concept simply, and how it relates to electron configuration.

Pauli exclusion principle says no two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers. So the numbers are n, l, m(l), m(s) [the parenthese are subscripsts]
To give you quick shorthand
n= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. This comes from the shell number. So like H and He are 1, Li-Ne are 2.
l= are the orbital s=0, p=1, d=2, f=3
m(l) will = range from -l to l+1 going in intergers. So so S has 1 orbital, p will have 3 (-1, 0, 1)
m(s) is the spin. 1 or -1.
The pauli exclusion principle says no 2 electrons have the same 4 numbers. For your purposes this basically means the maximum number of electrons per orbital is the number of m(l) orbitalx2.
That gives a chart of
s orbital has 2 electrons
p orbital has 6 electrons
d orbital has 10 electrons
f orbital has 14 electrons

Aufbau principle says electrons fill the the lowest orbitals in total first. That means that for lithium (3 electrons) it will fill 1s before going to 2s. Generally this means the lower shell number (that would be the n number) goes first but it gets a little freaky for higher numbers. Basically the order of precedence is 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p.
It also says that the electrons will fill the orbitals in an order to be most stable. This means each shell that has more than 1 orbital (e.g. p shells have 3) will be filled 1 at a time before a second electron is placed into an orbital.

The number of electrons = the atomic number (unless it asks you to do one for an ion which you aren't asked here)

So Chlorine is 17. So just go in order until you reach 17
1s=2
2s=2
2p=6
3s=2
3p=5 (6 can fit but there is only 5 left)
So written out would read (here parentheses are superscripts) 1s(2)2s(2)2p(6)3s(2)3p(5).
Now to show aufbau you probably need to actually draw it (maybe your teacher showed you lines and then arrows pointing up and down). Basically on line per orbital (so 1 for s's and 3 for p's). Put 1 arrow up and 1 down on all of them except the 3p which will have 1 of the orbitals with only 1 arrow. It doesn't matter which one. This actually isn't the best example to really illustrate the aufbau principle. Nitrogen is a better example.

Nitrogen = 7
1s=2
2s=2
2p=3
1s(s)2s(2)2p(3)
When you draw it you have three orbitals for p like always. The aufbau principle says electrons fill to be the most stable. That means that 1 will go in each orbital BEFORE you put in a second in an orbital. So the 3 orbitals will each have 1 arrow.

Calcium = 20
You see how it's done so I'll just write it out
1s(2)2s(2)2p(6)3s(2)3p(6)4s(2)
All orbitals will have 2 arrows.

Now I wanted to show you how to get to the orbital by adding so you understand but basically you can know the final orbital simply from the periodic table (it is part of the reason it is drawn the way it is)
Column 1 and 2 are the s orbital
Column 13-18 are the p orbital (with the exception of He which is s)
Transition metals are d orbital
Actinide and Lanthanide series are f

The shell number (the first seen) is the row number for orbitals s and p. It is row-1 for d (so the first transition metals which are in row 4 are in the 3d orbital) and row-2 for f.

It's late so this might have come out confusing. Let me know if there is something you didn't understand.
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Last edited by mse326 on Wed Oct 31, 2012 2:09 am; edited 1 time in total

Tom Shean

Joined: 10 Oct 2012
Posts: 4626
Location: Tha 703

Posted: Wed Oct 31, 2012 1:12 am Post subject:

Wow. Thanks for that really in-depth explanation. I think I've got it down now.
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Vikefan79

Joined: 05 Apr 2005
Posts: 25133
Location: Atlanta

Posted: Wed Oct 31, 2012 1:29 am Post subject:

mse326 wrote:

Tom Shean wrote:

khodder wrote:

Tom Shean wrote:

Pauli Exclusion Principle
Aufbau Principle

Because this thread was the first thing I tried... Rolling Eyes

I was maybe looking if someone could explain the concept simply, and how it relates to electron configuration.

Pauli exclusion principle says no two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers. So the numbers are n, l, m(l), m(s) [the parenthese are subscripsts]
To give you quick shorthand
n= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. This comes from the shell number. So like H and He are 1, Li-Ne are 2.
l= are the orbital s=0, p=1, d=2, f=3
m(l) will = range from -1 to l+1 going in intergers. So so S has 1 orbital, p will have 3 (-1, 0, 1)
m(s) is the spin. 1 or -1.
The pauli exclusion principle says no 2 electrons have the same 4 numbers. For your purposes this basically means the maximum number of electrons per orbital is the number of m(l) orbitalx2.
That gives a chart of
s orbital has 2 electrons
p orbital has 6 electrons
d orbital has 10 electrons
f orbital has 14 electrons

Aufbau principle says electrons fill the the lowest orbitals in total first. That means that for lithium (3 electrons) it will fill 1s before going to 2s. Generally this means the lower shell number (that would be the n number) goes first but it gets a little freaky for higher numbers. Basically the order of precedence is 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p.
It also says that the electrons will fill the orbitals in an order to be most stable. This means each shell that has more than 1 orbital (e.g. p shells have 3) will be filled 1 at a time before a second electron is placed into an orbital.

The number of electrons = the atomic number (unless it asks you to do one for an ion which you aren't asked here)

So Chlorine is 17. So just go in order until you reach 17
1s=2
2s=2
2p=6
3s=2
3p=5 (6 can fit but there is only 5 left)
So written out would read (here parentheses are superscripts) 1s(2)2s(2)2p(6)3s(2)3p(5).
Now to show aufbau you probably need to actually draw it (maybe your teacher showed you lines and then arrows pointing up and down). Basically on line per orbital (so 1 for s's and 3 for p's). Put 1 arrow up and 1 down on all of them except the 3p which will have 1 of the orbitals with only 1 arrow. It doesn't matter which one. This actually isn't the best example to really illustrate the aufbau principle. Nitrogen is a better example.

Nitrogen = 7
1s=2
2s=2
2p=3
1s(s)2s(2)2p(3)
When you draw it you have three orbitals for p like always. The aufbau principle says electrons fill to be the most stable. That means that 1 will go in each orbital BEFORE you put in a second in an orbital. So the 3 orbitals will each have 1 arrow.

Calcium = 20
You see how it's done so I'll just write it out
1s(2)2s(2)2p(6)3s(2)3p(6)4s(2)
All orbitals will have 2 arrows.

Now I wanted to show you how to get to the orbital by adding so you understand but basically you can know the final orbital simply from the periodic table (it is part of the reason it is drawn the way it is)
Column 1 and 2 are the s orbital
Column 13-18 are the p orbital (with the exception of He which is s)
Transition metals are d orbital
Actinide and Lanthanide series are f

The shell number (the first seen) is the row number for orbitals s and p. It is row-1 for d (so the first transition metals which are in row 4 are in the 3d orbital) and row-2 for f.

It's late so this might have come out confusing. Let me know if there is something you didn't understand.

I don't want to understand anything you just wrote. If I need this to finish my bachelors degree let me know so I can call the school tomorrow and quit!
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khodder

Joined: 19 Dec 2005
Posts: 48167
Location: New New York

Posted: Wed Oct 31, 2012 3:08 am Post subject:

Tom Shean wrote:

khodder wrote:

Tom Shean wrote:

Pauli Exclusion Principle
Aufbau Principle

Because this thread was the first thing I tried... Rolling Eyes

I was maybe looking if someone could explain the concept simply, and how it relates to electron configuration.

Apologies, just sounded like you did not even know the first thing about them and linking you to a google search of them seemed like the best place to start.
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The Big Brain am winning again, I am the Greetest.

Mr. V

Joined: 07 Sep 2011
Posts: 2604
Location: Florida

Posted: Mon Nov 12, 2012 4:30 pm Post subject:

For a series, can the ratio between terms be negative? For example, the terms of the first three terms of a series are 3, -9/2, and 27/4. Is it an alternating series with r=3/2 or is r=-3/2?
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ReggieCamp

Joined: 06 Dec 2006
Posts: 8680
Location: Canonsburg, PA

Posted: Tue Nov 13, 2012 1:47 pm Post subject:

Mr. V wrote:

For a series, can the ratio between terms be negative? For example, the terms of the first three terms of a series are 3, -9/2, and 27/4. Is it an alternating series with r=3/2 or is r=-3/2?

Yes, the ratio can be negative. In your example, r=-3/2.
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Jetsman82

Joined: 20 Jan 2007
Posts: 18355

Posted: Thu Nov 15, 2012 10:07 pm Post subject:

ReggieCamp wrote:

Mr. V wrote:

For a series, can the ratio between terms be negative? For example, the terms of the first three terms of a series are 3, -9/2, and 27/4. Is it an alternating series with r=3/2 or is r=-3/2?

Yes, the ratio can be negative. In your example, r=-3/2.

What he said.

Ugh. Reminds me of freshman year again Laughing

. Thank God I don't need calc that much anymore.

Mr. V

Joined: 07 Sep 2011
Posts: 2604
Location: Florida

Posted: Thu Nov 15, 2012 11:36 pm Post subject:

Jetsman82 wrote:

ReggieCamp wrote:

Mr. V wrote:

For a series, can the ratio between terms be negative? For example, the terms of the first three terms of a series are 3, -9/2, and 27/4. Is it an alternating series with r=3/2 or is r=-3/2?

Yes, the ratio can be negative. In your example, r=-3/2.

What he said.

Ugh. Reminds me of freshman year again Laughing

. Thank God I don't need calc that much anymore.

I'm a senior in high school and really enjoy it, but I'm a math guy.

Thanks for the help guys.
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